CVE catalog

CVE-2019-1563

openssl: CVE-2019-1563

[CVE catalog]

Severity
Medium · CVSS 5.3CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N
Published
Source
[NVD] · [CVE record]
EPSS
3.84% · Oct 25, 2026

In situations where an attacker receives automated notification of the success or failure of a decryption attempt an attacker, after sending a very large number of messages to be decrypted, can recover a CMS/PKCS7 transported encryption key or decrypt any RSA encrypted message that was encrypted with the public RSA key, using a Bleichenbacher padding oracle attack. Applications are not affected if they use a certificate together with the private RSA key to the CMS_decrypt or PKCS7_decrypt functions to select the correct recipient info to decrypt. Fixed in OpenSSL 1.1.1d (Affected 1.1.1-1.1.1c). Fixed in OpenSSL 1.1.0l (Affected 1.1.0-1.1.0k). Fixed in OpenSSL 1.0.2t (Affected 1.0.2-1.0.2s).

Vulnerable and fixed packages

Distribution-reported package versions and fixes. These do not depend on matching against the OpenFactory package catalog.

DistributionPackageReleaseVersionStatus
Debianopensslsid3.6.5-1fixed
Debianopensslforky3.6.5-1fixed
Debianopenssltrixie3.5.7-1~deb13u2fixed
Debianopenssltrixie-security3.5.7-1~deb13u3fixed
Debianopensslbookworm3.0.20-1~deb12u2fixed
Debianopensslbookworm-security3.0.22-1~deb12u2fixed
CpeopensslNot reportedNot reportedunknown
Ubuntuopensslpro1.1.1-1ubuntu2.fips.2.1~18.04.3.1vulnerable
Ubuntuopensslpro1.1.1-1ubuntu2.fips.2.1~18.04.15.2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2d-0ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2d-0ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2e-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2f-2ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.4vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.5vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.6vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.8vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.9vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.10vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.11vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.12vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.13vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.14vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.15vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.16fixed
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20170911.5dfba97c-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20171010.234dbcef-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20171027.76fd5a66-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20171205.a9212288-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180105.0bc94c74-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.2vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.3vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.3+esm1vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.3+esm2vulnerable
Ubuntuedk2pro0~20180205.c0d9813c-2ubuntu0.3+esm3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.0.2g-1ubuntu13vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.0.2g-1ubuntu14vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.0.2n-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu4.1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.0g-2ubuntu4.3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.4vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.5vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.6fixed
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5.1vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5.2vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5.3vulnerable
Ubuntuopenssl1.018.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5.4fixed
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.5~dfsg-5ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.7~dfsg-2ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.7~dfsg-2ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.1vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.2vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.3vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.4vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.5vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.6vulnerable
Ubuntunodejspro12.22.9~dfsg-1ubuntu3.6+esm2vulnerable
Alpineopenssl3.101.1.1d-r0fixed
Alpineopenssl3.111.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.121.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.131.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.141.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.151.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.161.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.171.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.181.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.191.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.201.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.211.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.221.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.231.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.241.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl3.71.0.2t-r0fixed
Alpineopenssl3.81.0.2t-r0fixed
Alpineopenssl3.91.1.1d-r0fixed
Alpineopenssl33.151.1.1d-r1fixed
Alpineopenssl33.161.1.1d-r1fixed
Suseopenssllinux enterprise point of sale 11 sp30.9.8j-0.106.28.1fixed
Suseopenssllinux enterprise server 11 sp4-ltss0.9.8j-0.106.28.1fixed
Susecompat-openssl098linux enterprise module for legacy 120.9.8j-106.21.1fixed
Susecompat-openssl098linux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp20.9.8j-106.21.1fixed
Susecompat-openssl098linux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp30.9.8j-106.21.1fixed
Susecompat-openssl098linux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp40.9.8j-106.21.1fixed
Susecompat-openssl098linux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp50.9.8j-106.21.1fixed

Fixed-version evidence

DistributionPackageTypeReleaseFixed versionUrgencyOriginBugs
Debianopensslsourcesid1.1.1d-1not yet assignedNot reportedNot reported
Debianopensslsourceforky1.1.1d-1not yet assignedNot reportedNot reported
Debianopensslsourcetrixie1.1.1d-1not yet assignedNot reportedNot reported
Debianopensslsourcebookworm1.1.1d-1not yet assignedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuopenssldeb16.041.0.2g-1ubuntu4.16Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Ubuntuopenssldeb18.041.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.6Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Ubuntuopenssl1.0deb18.041.0.2n-1ubuntu5.4Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.101.1.1d-r0Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.111.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.121.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.131.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.141.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.151.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.161.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.171.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.181.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.191.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.201.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.211.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.221.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.231.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.241.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.71.0.2t-r0Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.81.0.2t-r0Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopensslapk3.91.1.1d-r0Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopenssl3apk3.151.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Alpineopenssl3apk3.161.1.1d-r1Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2019-1563Not reported
Suseopensslrpmlinux enterprise point of sale 11 sp30.9.8j-0.106.28.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2019:14249-1Not reported
Suseopensslrpmlinux enterprise server 11 sp4-ltss0.9.8j-0.106.28.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2019:14249-1Not reported
Susecompat-openssl098rpmlinux enterprise module for legacy 120.9.8j-106.21.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2020:2634-1Not reported
Susecompat-openssl098rpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp20.9.8j-106.21.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2020:2634-1Not reported
Susecompat-openssl098rpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp30.9.8j-106.21.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2020:2634-1Not reported
Susecompat-openssl098rpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp40.9.8j-106.21.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2020:2634-1Not reported
Susecompat-openssl098rpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 12 sp50.9.8j-106.21.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2020:2634-1Not reported

OpenFactory catalog packages

Matching against OpenFactory catalog package versions is in progress.

[Debian 12 (Bookworm)]

  • [libssl3]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

  • [libssl-dev]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

  • [libssl-doc]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · all · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

  • [openssl]Unknown
    Details (6)
    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.20-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

    • 3.0.17-1~deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm-updates

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · bookworm; dsa · openssl · debian · 12

[Debian 13 (Trixie)]

  • [libssl3t64]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · amd64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

  • [libssl-dev]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · amd64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

  • [libssl-doc]Unknown

    Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · all · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · all · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · all · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · all · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · all · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · all · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

  • [openssl]Unknown
    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · amd64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

  • Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · amd64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

  • Source package: [openssl]

    Details (6)
    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.6-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · amd64 · trixie-security · Historical version

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u2 · arm64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

    • 3.5.7-1~deb13u3 · amd64 · trixie-security

      Fixed · Fixed: 1.1.1d-1

      dsa · openssl · debian · 13

Observed:

References