CVE catalog

CVE-2026-33412

Vim vulnerabilities

[CVE catalog]

Severity
High · CVSS 7.3CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Published
Source
[NVD] · [CVE record]
EPSS
0.87% · Oct 25, 2026

Vim is an open source, command line text editor. Prior to version 9.2.0202, a command injection vulnerability exists in Vim's glob() function on Unix-like systems. By including a newline character (\n) in a pattern passed to glob(), an attacker may be able to execute arbitrary shell commands. This vulnerability depends on the user's 'shell' setting. This issue has been patched in version 9.2.0202.

Vulnerable and fixed packages

Distribution-reported package versions and fixes. These do not depend on matching against the OpenFactory package catalog.

DistributionPackageReleaseVersionStatus
Debianvimsid2:9.2.0858-1fixed
Debianvimforky2:9.2.0858-1fixed
Debianvimtrixie2:9.1.1230-2vulnerable
Debianvimbookworm2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2vulnerable
UbuntuvimnobleNot reportedvulnerable
Ubuntuvimnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-athenanoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-commonnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-docnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-gtk3noble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-gui-commonnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-motifnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-noxnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-runtimenoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim-tinynoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuxxdnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Alpinevim3.239.2.0219-r0fixed
Susevimlinux micro extras 6.29.2.0280-160000.1.1fixed
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.0875-5ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.0875-5ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.0875-5ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.3vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.4vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.6vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.7vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.8vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.9vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.11vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.12vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.13vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.14vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.15vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.16vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.17vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.18vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.20vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.21vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.22vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.23vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.24vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.25vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.26vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.29vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.30vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.31vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.32vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.32+esm2vulnerable
Ubuntuvimpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.32+esm3fixed
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.2434-3ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.2434-3ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3565-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3565-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3565-1ubuntu3vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3565-1ubuntu5vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.3vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.4vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.5vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.7vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.8vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.9vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.10vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.11vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.12vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.16vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.17vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.18vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.19vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.20vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.21vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.22vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.23vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.24vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.26vulnerable
Ubuntuvim22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.27fixed
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.1672-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.2087-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.2116-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.2116-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.2184-0ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.0.2189-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0-1ubuntu1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu6vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.2vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.3vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.4vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.5vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.6vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.7vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.8vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.9vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.10vulnerable
Ubuntuvim24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11fixed
Ubuntuvim25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu4vulnerable
Ubuntuvim25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu5vulnerable
Ubuntuvim25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu6vulnerable
Ubuntuvim25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu6.1vulnerable
Ubuntuvim25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu6.2fixed
Opensusevimtumbleweed9.2.0398-1.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise micro 5.59.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise module for basesystem 15 sp79.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise module for desktop applications 15 sp79.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp5-espos9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server 15 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server 15 sp6-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp59.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp69.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Opensusevimleap 15.69.2.0280-150500.20.46.1fixed
Opensusevimleap 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server for sap applications 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1fixed
Susevimlinux micro 6.29.2.0280-160000.1.1fixed
Susevimlinux micro 6.19.2.0280-slfo.1.1_1.1fixed
Susevimlinux micro 6.09.2.0280-1.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise micro 5.39.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise micro 5.49.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp4-espos9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp4-ltss9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server 15 sp4-ltss9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp49.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise micro 5.29.2.0280-150000.5.89.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server 12 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-17.62.1fixed
Susevimlinux enterprise server ltss extended security 12 sp59.2.0280-17.62.1fixed

Fixed-version evidence

DistributionPackageTypeReleaseFixed versionUrgencyOriginBugs
Debianvimsourcesid2:9.2.0218-1not yet assignedNot reported[1131450]
Debianvimsourceforky2:9.2.0218-1not yet assignedNot reported[1131450]
Debianvimsourcetrixie(unfixed)not yet assignedNot reported[1131450]
Debianvimsourcebookworm(unfixed)not yet assignedNot reported[1131450]
Ubuntuvimdebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-athenadebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-commondebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-docdebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-gtk3debnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-gui-commondebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-motifdebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-noxdebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-runtimedebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuvim-tinydebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Ubuntuxxddebnoble2:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedNot reportedNot reported
Alpinevimapk3.239.2.0219-r0Not reportedALPINE-CVE-2026-33412Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux micro extras 6.29.2.0280-160000.1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21136-1Not reported
Ubuntuvimdebpro2:8.1.2269-1ubuntu5.32+esm3Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2026-33412Not reported
Ubuntuvimdeb22.042:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.27Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2026-33412Not reported
Ubuntuvimdeb24.042:9.1.0016-1ubuntu7.11Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2026-33412Not reported
Ubuntuvimdeb25.102:9.1.0967-1ubuntu6.2Not reportedUBUNTU-CVE-2026-33412Not reported
Opensusevimrpmtumbleweed9.2.0398-1.1Not reportedOPENSUSE-SU-2026:10652-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise micro 5.59.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise module for basesystem 15 sp79.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise module for desktop applications 15 sp79.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp5-espos9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server 15 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server 15 sp6-ltss9.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp59.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp69.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Opensusevimrpmleap 15.69.2.0280-150500.20.46.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1607-1Not reported
Opensusevimrpmleap 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1Not reportedOPENSUSE-SU-2026:20540-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21197-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 16.09.2.0280-160000.1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21197-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux micro 6.29.2.0280-160000.1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21134-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux micro 6.19.2.0280-slfo.1.1_1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21118-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux micro 6.09.2.0280-1.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:21124-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise micro 5.39.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise micro 5.49.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp4-espos9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise high performance computing 15 sp4-ltss9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server 15 sp4-ltss9.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server for sap applications 15 sp49.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise micro 5.29.2.0280-150000.5.89.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1387-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server 12 sp5-ltss9.2.0280-17.62.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1347-1Not reported
Susevimrpmlinux enterprise server ltss extended security 12 sp59.2.0280-17.62.1Not reportedSUSE-SU-2026:1347-1Not reported

[Debian bug #1131450]

OpenFactory catalog packages

[Debian 12 (Bookworm)]

  • [vim]Affected
    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-athena]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-common]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-doc]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-gtk3]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-gui-common]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-motif]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-nox]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-runtime]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · all · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [vim-tiny]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

  • [xxd]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · amd64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

    • 2:9.0.1378-2+deb12u2 · arm64 · bookworm

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · bookworm; usn · vim · debian · 12

[Debian 13 (Trixie)]

  • [vim]Affected
    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · amd64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · arm64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-athena]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-common]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-doc]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-gtk3]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · amd64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · arm64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-gui-common]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-motif]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · amd64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · arm64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-nox]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · amd64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · arm64 · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

  • [vim-runtime]Affected

    Source package: [vim]

    Details (2)
    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

    • 2:9.1.1230-2 · all · trixie

      Affected

      usn · vim · debian · 13

Next results

Observed:

References